防止常见的瓦屋顶错误

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如何避免屋面瓦安装中的常见错误

瓦屋顶已经使用了几个世纪，而且有充分的理由。瓦屋顶坚固、用途广泛且经久耐用。瓷砖有多种风格和饰面可供选择，可为任何家庭增添遏制吸引力，无论是美国殖民地、西班牙庄园还是法国省级。与任何屋顶类型一样，防风雨和安装是长期性能的关键。本文将提供有关如何避免瓷砖安装中常见错误的提示。

建筑规范，包括统一建筑规范 (“UBC”)、建筑官员和规范管理员 (“BOCA”)、国际建筑规范 (“IBC”)、国际住宅规范 (“IRC”) 和许多当地司法管辖区对安装和闪烁提供了规定性要求。已经制定并使用了几个行业标准，以确保粘土和混凝土砖的质量安装，例如全国屋面承包商协会、屋面瓦研究所和西部各州屋面承包商协会。但即使按照这些既定标准，瓦屋顶也经常安装不正确，错误一再出现。

The first issue to address is the proper protection of the roof decking and other building components through the application of a weather-resistive roof tile 垫层. Some local building codes may require two layers of underlayment be provided due to cold climate conditions or the low slope of a roof; therefore, it is important to verify underlayment requirements before roof tile installation begins. Underlayment is a crucial component to the roof because it acts as a drainage plane for a water-shedding tile roof. Tile roofs are unique in this aspect, as the primary drainage plane is the underlayment and not the top-most layer like other roofing materials, such as asphalt or 木瓦. This is why any puncture or tear in the roof tile underlayment should be sealed so no water intrusion below the underlayment can occur. Water intrusion could eventually result in leaks into the residence, which could cause a substantial amount of damage. However, leaks don’t always show up right away, even though deterioration could be occurring to the roof decking and other wood components.

同样重要的是要密切注意用防水板覆盖衬垫的方向和顺序，特别是在屋顶穿透、屋檐和耙子处。衬垫应搭接在屋顶穿透防水板的顶部和底部下方，形成类似木瓦的顺序，以确保衬垫的排水能力。这种技术对于小型贯穿件（例如管道和屋顶通风口）以及大型贯穿件（例如天窗和烟囱）非常重要。这些大孔周围的闪光是由几块组成的，因此在这些位置，同样的瓦状研磨是必不可少的。还应该提到的是，在宽度大于 30 英寸的穿透处，建议安装蟋蟀闪光灯以防止积雪和碎屑堆积。在耙子上，衬垫应搭接在耙子闪光下，以防止衬垫下方的风雨和雪水侵入。在屋檐处，衬垫应覆盖在屋檐上屋檐闪烁以便为水从屋顶排出提供连续的途径。在所有这些情况下，反向搭接的衬垫和闪光接口可能会导致组件损坏并最终导致泄漏。

瓦屋顶的正确穿透安装示例。
资源：混凝土和粘土适中气候地区设计标准的屋顶瓦安装手册，屋顶瓦研究所和西部各州屋面承包商协会

One roof malfunction that can be easily avoided is the occurrence of ice damming. Two events are necessary to create an ice dam: a warm interior and a cold exterior. When snow accumulates on a roof with a warm attic, it begins to melt. When the melting snow reaches the end of the roof at the eaves, which stay cold as they are not adjacent to attic space, the melted snow refreezes. This situation can cause major damage to homes if the moisture management materials are not correctly lapped. If not properly protected, water can travel under the underlayment and enter the home’s walls, ceiling, and building components. This is just one more reason why paying particular attention to the lapping conditions of moisture management materials is so important.

然而，即使家庭的湿度管理材料安装正确，冰坝的发生仍然会对这些材料造成额外的风化，导致材料的使用寿命缩短。可以采取其他预防措施来确保显着减少冰坝的发生。一种选择，也可能是最有效的选择是消除温暖的阁楼环境。为此，应在阁楼的天花板上方放置隔热材料，以将温暖的空气保持在家中的生活空间中，而不是阁楼空间中。此外，应建立足够的通风，以提供通过阁楼空间从屋脊到屋檐的恒定气流。如果这个冷阁楼系统安装正确，应该完全消除冰坝的可能性。

屋檐处的冰坝示例。
来源：Lerch Bates

耙壁界面处的冰坝示例。请注意，在此位置，踢球闪烁是如何引导水/冰远离墙壁的。
来源：Lerch Bates

Particular attention is also needed when installing roof tile underlayment in valleys. Valleys are located at the intersection of two sloping roof planes which creates an area of concentrated water flow, so additional protection is necessary to prevent water intrusion. Whether using additional underlayment or sheet metal flashing at valleys, installation should consider the flow of water. This will ensure all valley components are lapped in a shingle-like manner, in the direction of water flow.

瓦屋顶山谷的例子。注意板条和鸟停延伸到山谷闪烁，导致碎片堆积。建筑垃圾，如瓷砖碎片和垫层碎片也阻碍了水的流动。
来源：Lerch Bates

瓦屋顶的正确山谷安装示例。注意在山谷闪光周围放置板条。
资料来源：中气候地区设计标准混凝土和粘土屋顶瓦安装手册，屋顶瓦研究所和西部各州屋面承包商协会。

Battens are another item that is occasionally overlooked or installed incorrectly. Tile roof battens are usually 1-inch x 2-inch wood supports nailed or stapled horizontally to the roof decking. Tiles with projecting anchor lugs are hung on the battens and fastened to them. The purpose of battens is to provide space for water and debris to drain below the tiles, as well as to allow the system to ventilate. In order to create a path for water and debris to exit the system, 1/2-inch openings should be provided every 48-inches in the battens. It is also pertinent that battens be withheld from the valleys so a clear drainage path is present for water and debris to exit the system. Another method for providing a drainage plane below the tiles is to install counter battens. Counter battens are nailed or stapled vertically to the roof decking and are used to support the horizontal battens. Tile roof battens should be spaced at a maximum of 24-inches apart on the counter battens, and are recommended to be spaced 16-inches apart at locations with high snow loads to avoid deflection of the battens, which could result in cracked or damaged tiles .

正确的板条安装示例。
资料来源：中气候地区设计标准混凝土和粘土屋顶瓦安装手册，屋顶瓦研究所和西部各州屋面承包商协会。

Fastener requirements for tile roofs can vary greatly from roof to roof, but some basic rules always apply. First, when installed directly on the deck, without battens, one roof tile fastener must be provided at every tile. If battens are being utilized, additional factors determine the fastening schedule. The pitch of the roof must be known when determining requirements. Because tiles with projecting anchor lugs hang on the battens, a low-slope roof has less stringent fastener requirements than a steeply sloped roof. If the slope of the roof is under a 5:12 pitch, roof tile fasteners are not required. On roofs with a slope between 5:12 and less than 12:12, one fastener is required per tile on every other row. For slopes 12:12 and greater, one fastener per tile is mandatory. Additionally, if the tiles being installed are less than 9 lb/ft2, then all tiles require one nail on any slope . High wind and snow areas have special fastener requirements depending on the governing code. If the wind speed exceeds 80 miles-per-hour, or the height of the structure exceeds 40-feet, all tiles are required to have one fastener, rake tiles are required to have two fasteners, wind clips are to be utilized at all eave tiles, and mastic is to be applied to the noses of all ridge, rake, and hip tiles. In snow areas, two fasteners per tile are necessary for all tiles.